MORE CASH TO GIVE THAN GRAIN - WHY LESS GRAINS

 Three years ago, neither the Centre nor the states had money to make large-scale cash transfers to poor and vulnerable households suffering job and income losses during the pandemic-enforced lockdowns.

But there was plenty of wheat and rice in the Food Corporation of India’s (FCI) warehouses: Some 813.5 million persons received 10 kg of grain per month practically free from April 2020 to December 2022.

It wasn’t just the public distribution system (PDS). The three years from 2020-21 also saw all-time-high grain exports from India (see table below). Rice shipments alone aggregated 21.2 mt in 2021-22 (valued at $9.66 billion) and 22.3 million tonnes ($11.14 billion) in 2022-23, with these at 7.2 mt ($2.12 billion) and 4.7 mt ($1.52 billion) respectively for wheat. Thus, there was surplus grain not only to give out free, but even to export in record quantities.

Why the govt has more cash, less grain to give

Cash for grain

The situation is almost the reverse today. Governments have money, due to the resumption of economic activity. Gross goods and services tax revenues grew 21.9% in 2022-23 and have risen 11.6% in April-June 2023 over April-June 2022. However, FCI godowns aren’t exactly bursting at the seams.

The Centre, during the post-Covid period till December 2022, supplied 10 kg of rice or wheat per person per month to all PDS beneficiaries. From January 2023, that quota was restored to its previous level of 5 kg under the NFSA.

But with the Centre not permitting FCI to make available the 5-kg extra rice, it has been forced to give cash in lieu of grain. So, instead of 5 kg rice – over and above the Centre’s 5 kg under NFSA – the Siddaramaiah-led government has, from July 10, started transferring Rs 170 against the name of each beneficiary to the bank accounts of their BPL family heads.

Simply put, earlier there was grain but no money. Now, there’s not much grain, but governments have money to pay PDS beneficiaries for them to buy 5 kg of rice at Rs 34/kg.

Depleted stocks

Politically, of course, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) at the Centre has little incentive to enable a Congress state government to fulfill a poll guarantee. But there are economic reasons why the Centre would hesitate to supply additional grain, even to BJP-ruled states.

The concern, though, isn’t with the present stock levels that are 1.7 times the required minimum for June 1. Rather, it’s to do with the monsoon and the uncertain prospects for this year’s rice crop, which may have a bearing on procurement and stocks down the line. And that would be closer to the national elections in April-May 2024.

Rainfall during the current southwest monsoon season (June-September) has been normal for the country, at its long period average till July 16. But it has been deficient or significantly below normal in major rice-growing areas, including Telangana (-24.2%), Andhra Pradesh (-16.1%), Chhattisgarh (-21%), Odisha (-23.1%), Jharkhand (-41.4%), Bihar (-32.3%) and Gangetic West Bengal (-37.2%).

The poorly distributed rain has meant that farmers had, as on July 14, planted only 123.18 lakh hectares (lh) out of the normal total 399.45 lh area under rice during the kharif (monsoon) season. The cumulative area sown was also 6.1% lower than the 131.23 lh covered during this time last year. Moreover, with El Niño – known to suppress rainfall in India – already setting in and most global forecasts pointing to its persistence through the 2023-24 winter, there is concern over the monsoon’s performance in the rest of the season.

Deficient rainfall in the monsoon’s second half can impact the production of not just the kharif rice, but even the upcoming rabi wheat crop. Farmers need groundwater tables and reservoirs to be adequately recharged/filled for cultivating the latter during the winter-spring season.

The export conundrum

A poor crop last year led the Centre to ban wheat exports in May 2022. It was followed by a prohibition on exports of broken rice and a 20% duty being levied on all non-parboiled non-basmati shipments in September.

But with retail cereal inflation at 12.7% year-on-year in June and the monsoon-related production uncertainties, the Centre is reportedly considering further curbs on rice exports. Globally too, rice is on fire.

India is the world’s largest rice exporter, with a 40.4% share of the global trade in the cereal, according to the US Department of Agriculture’s estimates for 2022-23. A corollary to it is that the country cannot really import rice in case of domestic production shortfalls; it can at best limit exports. This is unlike with wheat, which can be imported, especially given benign global prices because of ample supplies from Russia.

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